The International union for the protection of literary and artistic works was established in 1886 in Berne, Switzerland. It is popularly known as Berne Convention. It entered into force on 5th December, 1887 and it has been revised for five times. It is administered by world intellectual property organization The Berne convention has 38 articles and special provisions for the developing countries. The convention has established a minimum of protection of life plus 50 years or an alternative of fifty years from publication of anonymous work and pseudonymous work. India is a member of the Berne convention.

One of the International copyright protections is Universal Copyright Convention. The Universal copyright convention was signed and entered into force on September 6, 1952. It was revised on 1971 at Paris. The protection given is for published as well as unpublished works. The member countries must grant a minimum copyright term of 25 years from publication, or life of the author plus 25 years. The foreign authors of other member countries must be granted exclusively rights for at least seven years.

The Rome convention is the International Copyright protection for the performers, producers of phonograms and broadcasting organizations. On October 26, 1961 the Rome convention was completed and entered into force on may 18, 1964 basically intend to protect the neighboring rights. Phonogram is a sound recording. The neighboring rights are rights in respect of phonograms and performances and broadcasting.

The benefits of this convention are performers, producers of phonograms and broadcasters. The protection is granted for twenty years term will vary according to the nature of work. The eligibility to participate in this convention is that a state must be a member of either of the Berne convention or the universal copyright convention.

The World Intellectual Property Organization copyright Treaty is another International Copyright protection. It was adopted on December 20, 1996 by the diplomatic conference at Geneva and entered into force on January 1, 1996. The rights of performers and phonograms are protected in this convention.

There is protection for unauthorized duplication by some convention treaties. The convention for the producers of phonograms against unauthorized duplication of their phonograms is signed on October 29, 1971 at Geneva. The main purpose of this Geneva Convention is to fight against the practice of piracy by third parties.

Brussels convention is related to the distribution of programme- carrying signals transmitted by satellite and audio- visual works signed on May 21st 1974. Its main necessity was to fight the misappropriation of satellite signal on an international level. On April 20, 1989 the treaty on international registration of audio-visual works was signed. It deals with the registration of audio- visual works at the international level.

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For the duration of Development: Documenting Your Method

A technology patent necessitates direct certification of the techniques and research that goes in to developing the outcome you are seeking to patent. As you build your invention, you should keep mindful notes and evidence of your procedures and processes for making the final outcome. When working with a California patent legal professional they can help you collect and manage this paperwork in a presentable manner for the technology patent application.

Processing a Technology Patent Application

Once you have reached your desired outcome, you need to be well prepared for the technology patent application process. This entails:

• drawing up the physical technology patent application documents;
• processing the patent application with the various patent offices;
• responding to questions from the patent office; and
• detailing your technology patent to patent examiners.

All of these steps are familiar territory for a skilled patent lawyer who has aided other inventors such as yourself in successfully creating and filing their technology patent.

Once I submit a technology patent, how does the patent acceptance procedure work?

A technology patent has to go through the several U.S. patent offices just like any other patent. In the event you are applying for an international patent, extra time and effort will be necessary for this process. The time period it takes for a patent to achieve approval through the several parts of the patent offices is dependent upon the complexity of the application – which can be considerable in the case of a lot of technology patents.

We offer a full range of patent solutions: strategic counseling and portfolio development; transactions and licensing; patent infringement protection, enforcement, and appeals; and prosecution and opinions.

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The book industry is trying to get a good read on its future.

These days, instead of turning paper pages, many readers reach for handheld devices. These electronic readers not only store books to show on a screen, they can also read them out loud.

In July, Amazon lowered the price of its Kindle reader by sixty dollars to just under three hundred dollars. The device can download books wirelessly from a store on Amazon’s Web site. Most new releases and bestsellers cost nine dollars and ninety-nine cents. Newspapers, magazines and other services are available for a monthly charge.

Buyers of e-books get a good deal. Traditional hardcover books often cost around twenty-five dollars. But what about book publishers and writers? Their concerns about profits are like the ones voiced as the Internet began to change the music industry. Many e-books are already selling for ninety-nine cents. Books printed on paper are easily shared and resold by anyone. But e-books can act more like computer software licensed only to the user who buys them.

And some Kindle users got a shock in July. They were surprised to find that copies of two books disappeared from their devices. These were ninety-nine cent versions of George Orwell’s “1984″ and “Animal Farm.”

Bloggers have had fun pointing out that “1984″ is largely about censorship — the suppression of information in a society led by Big Brother. Amazon explained that it did not have the rights to the books, so it erased them and returned the people’s money.

Also in July, Barnes & Noble, the worlds largest bookseller, launched what it calls the world’s largest e-bookstore. People can read the books on the Apple iPhone and other handheld devices and personal computers. They can also download over half a million books available free from Google. The Internet search company is putting books online that are no longer protected by copyright.

But last October, Google reached a one hundred twenty-five million dollar legal settlement to also make parts of some copyrighted books available. That deal with two groups of writers and publishers has raised competition issues. The Justice Department is now investigating. Also, the European Commission plans hearings in September on how European writers might be affected.

And that’s the VOA Special English Economics Report. Transcripts and podcasts of our reports can be found at voaspecialenglish.com.

(Adapted from a radio program broadcast 24 July 2009)

Duration : 0:4:29

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